Monday, July 28, 2014

The Journey to Solids

Shortly before Little Bug turned six months old, my mother-in-law sent us a box that had been carefully packed with jars of applesauce.  Beautiful homemade applesauce, made with organic apples and no added spices and as little (organic) sugar added as possible, only as much as was necessary to make it safe to can.  She ran it through the food mill several times, to make it as smooth as possible.  It was really quite thoughtful, but anyone who knows my mother-in-law wouldn't be surprised by the gesture at all.  That's just the kind of person she is.

Little Bug, however, wanted nothing to do with the applesauce.  He wanted nothing to do with any kind of pureed food, really.

Almost seven months old, "eating" the aforementioned applesauce.


We offered Little Bug his first "solid" food somewhere around six months, just like all of the good books recommend.  It's probably indicative of the kind of parent that I am that I honestly can't remember what his first food was.  Probably mashed avocado, or maybe banana.  I don't think it was the applesauce, although that was something he tried early on.  I know it wasn't any kind of grain (I was pretty set against "baby cereals"), but I don't remember what it was any more than I remember what Little Bug's exact age was at the time.  These kinds of small details just aren't that important to me, I guess.

Anyway, the road to "solids," the road to eating real adult-ish food, was a pretty long one for us.  I definitely worried at times.  I wondered whether I was doing things wrong, whether I should be pushing him to eat more or offering different foods in different orders.  And the more time I spend talking to other moms, the more I realize that those worries are pretty much universal.  We all worry that we're not doing things right.  We all think everyone else is more knowledgeable than we are.  We are afraid to fully trust our instincts.

I had heard the term baby-led weaning before, and had known for awhile that it seemed like the best way to go (for us).  In case you've never heard of it before (and if you haven't, I encourage you to go read about baby-led weaning), here's the basic idea.  Baby eats what you eat.  He eats what he's hungry for, and he feeds it to himself as desired.  He continues nursing as his primary source of nutrition until at least his first birthday, and he increases his solid intake at his own pace.  He eats what he can feed to himself, meaning real foods and not things that necessarily require spoons.

Pretty simple, really.  Much easier than buying baby food in jars, or even pouches.  Certainly a lot cheaper.  Less time-consuming than making your own purees.  Probably much tastier.  And much more intuitive, which was what sold it for me.

Eight and a half months old, nomming lettuce from the CSA box.  For the record, he had a hard time swallowing uncooked leafy greens until well after his second birthday.  He didn't choke on them, but they'd float around in his mouth until he finally spit them out.

And, in my experience anyway, it truly was the best approach for us.  As much as I believed in the idea, I still tried purees occasionally.  (Fruit and/or veggie purees, that is; as I said before, I don't like the idea of baby cereals.)  We did offer Little Bug his grandma's homemade applesauce.  He ate a bite or two, probably mainly to placate us, but most of it dribbled down his chin.  I got tons of jars of baby food from WIC, but he found that even less appealing than the applesauce.  (And I certainly can't blame him!)  I ended up using my WIC checks primarily to get jars of various kinds of applesauce, which I could use instead of oil when baking, or other purees that I could use in specific recipes.  (I have an awesome brownie recipe that uses pureed prunes, of all things.  I made lots of pumpkin bread, which Little Bug loved much more than the jarred "winter squash" that I used to make it, and I even made sweet potato muffins.  Nothing went to waste!  And Little Bug ended up eating it, just in different, much more appetizing forms.)

So baby-led weaning it was.  I would make dinner.  I would make a small bowl for Little Bug, and take his portion and mash it with a fork, or cut it into tiny pieces (I stuck with larger chunks of soft things, to make it easier for him to pick it up), or in some way make it possible for him to eat it without me worrying about him choking.  We would nurse, than we would sit down and eat together.  And by that, I mean I would eat, and Little Bug would play, and sometimes some of the food made it into his mouth and he'd swallow it.  Really, at that age it was more about fun, and about introducing him to new tastes and textures.  After all, the "experts" (the ones I trust, anyway) say that food before one is just for fun.  He was still breastfeeding full time, and that was definitely where the bulk of his calories came from.  And it was good, perfect nutrition, and I was not concerned at all that he wasn't more interested in solids.  Around nine or ten months, he started being a bit more adventurous with trying new things.  (Forgive me for not having a better timeline; I didn't exactly write these things down!)

We definitely didn't follow any kind of schedule with regards to how I introduced him to new foods.  It probably sounds rather callous of me, but I just wasn't that concerned.  Food allergies don't run in either of our families, and I know that by waiting until at least 6 months, his guts were better sealed up and better able to handle solid foods.  I avoided egg whites and peanut butter until he was 10 or 11 months (although in retrospect I think I wish I had offered both earlier; there is so much conflicting information out there about how to reduce the risk of food allergies!), and he got no honey until well after his first birthday.  I made a mental note every time he ate something that was truly "new," but that was about it.  And, thankfully, we never had any problem with sensitivities or allergies.

Nine months old.  In case you are wondering, that is a sweet potato fry.

What kinds of foods did he eat?  Everything!  Lots of fruits and veggies: bananas, mashed slightly with a fork at first and then given whole; avocados, cut into chunks; apples, cooked until they were soft and sprinkled with cinnamon, and eventually whole raw slices; strawberries, cut into slices; blueberries, generally left whole; broccoli and cauliflower, steamed and lightly seasoned; mashed potatoes; sweet potatoes, cut into chunks and sauteed in coconut oil; kale or spinach or collard greens, sauteed to perfection; beets, roasted in the oven and then cut into pieces.  Hard-boiled eggs; he ate the yolk, and I would eat the white.  Beans, mashed with a fork at first and then eventually left whole, and lentils by the spoonful.  Cooked brown rice.  Bites from my morning oatmeal, lightly sweetened with maple syrup or brown sugar and full of dried berries, ground flax, and chia seeds.  Almonds and walnuts and other nuts; early on, I'd chew them a few times for him, until he got some molars and was able to adequately chew them up himself.  Baked goods: pancakes and banana bread and cornbread, fruity muffins, and even a bite or two of my occasional brownies or cupcakes.  When I say he ate everything, I'm pretty serious.  He ate almost everything I ate.  Only in little bites, and it was not uncommon for more to end up on his face than in his tummy, but he sampled most things and refused to try very little.

And then Little Bug's first birthday approached.  And passed.  And he still wasn't particularly interested in food that wasn't mama milk.  I started to worry that I was doing things wrong.  I made more of an effort to introduce him to new things that might tempt him more, although I kept it healthy.  Somewhere around thirteen or fourteen months, he started eating a little more regularly, but he didn't let up on breastfeeding.  He still wanted mama milk every two to four hours, day and night.  (Yes, he was still nursing at night.  I was okay with this, because it's perfectly normal behavior.)  But the transition from breast milk to solid foods was definitely a slow one.

One year, seven months.  Blueberries have long been a favorite!

I remember a friend asking me, when Little Bug was around eighteen months old, exactly how weaning worked, and when he'd be done with breastfeeding.  I didn't have an answer then, and all I can say now is that it's probably different for every baby, unless you impose some kind of schedule on them.  And I definitely don't want to bash the parenting decisions of others; baby-led weaning has been great for us, and while I believe most babies would probably thrive on it, it's not always the most practical approach for everyone.

My son was never on any kind of schedule for breastfeeding (and in most cases, trying to put any baby on a schedule is not a good idea; that I do believe), and I was never keen on the idea of trying to "drop" feedings like so many baby books recommend.  (How does that even work, anyway, when baby doesn't nurse at specified times?)  I just continued to offer my son more and more solids, and trusted that he would eat them as he wanted to and as his body started to demand more nutrition and calories than he was getting from my milk.

And you know what?  He did get there.  Around twenty or twenty-one months, he started eating substantially more "real" food.  By his second birthday, he was definitely getting more calories from solids than he was from mama milk.  At two and a half, he still nurses a few times per day (scandalous, I know), although my milk supply is pretty pitiful these days.  He's a bit of a grazer; it takes him hours to get through meals, and there are plenty of snacks in between, but I'm perfectly okay with that.  For breakfast, he eats oatmeal, or a scrambled egg with sauteed veggies on the side, or I make us pancakes with fruit.  Lunch is frequently macaroni and cheese (usually from a box, cause I'm lazy sometimes and he loves it, but at least I usually get kinds with whole grain noodles and organic cheese) or leftovers from the previous day, or peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, or whatever I am making myself for lunch.  Dinner is whatever D and I are eating, be it soup, veggie pizza, baked beans, quesadillas, or baked tofu.  (This boy absolutely adores baked tofu, and asks me for it regularly.)  I always have fruit and cheese and yogurt on hand for snacks, as well as things like olives and vegetables that I can prepare for him quickly.  He has no issues with textures that I am aware of, and he eats most everything we eat without complaint.

Two years and four months, enjoying his eggs and spinach.

From what I can tell from talking to other people, the timeline Little Bug followed is not unusual, although we all worry that it is because no one really talks about just how long it can take for babies to transition to solids.  When left to their own devices, it seems to be perfectly normal for babies to still be nursing, regularly and for most of their calories, long past when the books say they should be weaned.  This was definitely the case for Little Bug, but I had faith in him, and I trusted my intuition, and he eventually got to eating solids all on his own.  He's not completely weaned yet, but I'm not really in any hurry for that to happen.  Like everything else regarding food, my baby will get there when he's ready.

Thursday, July 24, 2014

Great Books for Your Pregnancy

I have read an awful lot of pregnancy books over the last few years.  When I was pregnant with my son, I read a number of books, mostly from the library; I didn't know what kinds of books I was looking for, and I didn't know what kinds of books were out there, so I picked up a handful of "mainstream" pregnancy books (which you won't find on this list).  During the process of certifying to be an instructor for Birth Boot Camp, I read a ton more.  (And many of those are on this list!)  And as a book reviewer for San Francisco Book Review, I am pretty sure that I review most of the pregnancy books that come through (and I specifically have them request others that I hear about through the grapevine).

So I wouldn't say I'm any kind of an expert on pregnancy books, but I have read a lot of them.  Thus, this list.

What you will find on this list are all of the books I now recommend to friends who are expecting a baby.  They are all the books I wish I had known to read when I was pregnant.  And while I am a big fan of natural birth, these books don't all push the idea down your throat.  (Well, some of them are very strongly in favor of natural birth.  But most of them just want women to have a good birth, which is not necessarily synonymous with natural.)  Instead, these books tend to promote evidence-based care in pregnancy and birth, which is something that I strongly believe all women are entitled to.

Part of my collection.

Books for Pregnancy & Birth


The Healthy Pregnancy Book 
~William & Martha Sears
Just to let you know now, this list contains a number of books from the "Sears Parenting Library."  I love Dr. Sears, and I am not ashamed to admit it.  (And did you know that he loves Birth Boot Camp?  Just sayin'.)   The Healthy Pregnancy Book is quite possibly my top pick for pregnancy books at the moment; if you think you will only make it through one book before your baby is born, this should be it!  Published in 2013, it's very up-to-date.  It covers all the important things you need to know to have a healthy pregnancy (diet and exercise, as well as things like sleep, reducing stress, and important lifestyle changes to consider), and it also covers pregnancy in a month-by-month format.  I love that this book promotes looking at pregnancy and birth as a normal, physiological process, and while it advocates this mother-centered style of care (often called the midwifery style of care), it approaches everything in such a way as to be appealing to readers of all stripes.  No matter what you think you want your birth to look like, this book will be a beneficial read to you.
For a slightly more detailed review, check out:
My review of The Healthy Pregnancy Book on San Francisco Book Review
My full-length review of The Healthy Pregnancy Book on this blog

Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Newborn 
~Penny Simkin, Janet Whalley, Ann Keppler, Janelle Durham, April Bolding
You're probably wondering why it would be necessary to read more than one "complete" pregnancy book.  The reason is because not every book contains the same information, because not every book has the same focuses, and because every book is written in a slightly different way; you will no doubt find some books more appealing than others (for a variety of reasons).  Things I specifically loved about this book: descriptions and pictures of yoga poses that are beneficial during pregnancy, an entire no-nonsense chapter devoted to potential complications (I'd rather have them all in one place than scattered throughout the book, like some pregnancy books tend to do; this way, you can get your worrying out of the way all at once!), and a really detailed section on comfort techniques to deal with labor pain (because even if you think you'll want an epidural, you still can't get one right away, so you need to some ideas for how to cope in the meantime).  Lots and lots of good information in this book!

Birthing a Better Way
~Kalena Cook, Margaret Christensen
Back before I even knew I wanted to have a baby, I reviewed a copy of this book on a whim.  It is still not a particularly well-known book, but I recommend it to every pregnant woman I know.  Birthing a Better Way is the first book to introduce me to the concept of natural birth, and for that, it will always hold a place in my heart.  This book presents twelve essential "secrets" to help women have the natural birth they dream of.  After everything I've read and after having had a natural birth myself, they all seem so commonsense, and that's why this book is such a great place to start if you're interested in having a natural birth!  From the importance of "shopping around" for care providers and birth places, to understanding the purpose of labor pain and having strategies to cope with it, to finding expert opinions to back up and support your own decisions, this book has a lot of good information.  It's packed with facts, not to mention a handful of good birth stories!  If you want a natural birth, or are even just considering it, this book is a good one.

Ina May's Guide to Childbirth
~Ina May Gaskin
The natural birth community loves Ina May Gaskin.  And with good reason!  If you've never heard of her, Ina May is a famous midwife and the founder of the Farm Midwifery Center in Tennessee.  Thousands of babies have been born naturally there, under the care of trained midwives, with very few complications; Ina May herself has attended more than 1200 births over her lifetime.  The first half of this book is a collection of birth stories; some of them are pretty "hippy," many of them will likely be nothing like how you will experience birth, but they make for a powerful read that will reaffirm the fact that natural birth is possible!  The second half covers "The Essentials of Birth," and includes topics such as what really happens during labor, the sphincter law (fun fact: when I was in labor, most of what I had learned about birth evaporated from my mind, but I did remember the sphincter law!), the third stage of labor (delivery of the placenta), VBAC, and the importance of choosing a good care provider.  This book was very inspirational for me!

Journey Into Motherhood
~Sheri Menelli
A good friend of mine recommended this book to me early in my own pregnancy.  Positive birth stories are, in my opinion, a very important part of your pregnancy reading.  Birth does not have to be scary, or traumatic, and reading empowering examples of how others have rocked their births will help you gain confidence in your body's own abilities.  And this collection of 48 stories is one of the best I've read.  The focus of this book is natural birth, but even if that's not your stated goal you will enjoy these stories; I challenge you to not find yourself crying in response to the beauty and passion of these women!  There are lots of collections of birth stories out there, and there are many websites full of them as well (I'm a big fan of Birth Without Fear), but this collection is by far my favorite.

The Birth Book
~William & Martha Sears
Another good one from the Sears Parenting Library.  This one is a bit outdated at this point (published in 1994; here's hoping they're working on a revised edition!), but it most of the information in it has not changed, so it's still a great one to read.  While The Healthy Pregnancy Book discusses your options for giving birth, The Birth Book really covers this topic in depth.  There are so many things to think about when it comes to giving birth, and the decisions can be a bit overwhelming even to someone who has given birth before.  This book can help you work your way through your questions, enabling you to have your baby in a way that is both safe and empowering.


Books for Special Interests & Special Circumstances

The Pregnant Athlete
~Brandi & Steven Dion, Joel Heller, Perry McIntosh
Who says that working out while pregnant means brisk walks and prenatal yoga?  Certainly not the authors of this well-researched book!  It is pretty well-known now that staying active throughout your pregnancy is beneficial to both you and your baby.  This book is for the driven athlete who wants to maintain her edge as best as she can through pregnancy and start getting back to work as soon as possible after giving birth.  With information about how pregnancy changes your body (and how this affects your workouts), nutrition information for an active lifestyle, and even special workout plans, this book will help you stay as fit as possible.

Your Vegetarian Pregnancy
~Holly Roberts
I faced more questions about my vegetarian diet during the months of my pregnancy than I had during the entire eight or so years prior to becoming pregnant.  Where are you getting your protein?  Are you getting enough folic acid/iron/B12/etc?  Are you gaining enough weight?  Yes, yes, yes, it is very possible to have a perfectly healthy diet on a vegetarian (or even vegan) diet.  I had spent years adjusting my diet to make sure I was healthy and getting enough nutrients prior to getting pregnant, and while it was hard to get up to the 80+ grams of protein per day my midwife wanted me to be eating, it was by no means impossible.  This book discusses all of the important parts of a healthy diet, and offers a variety of vegetarian sources to help you meet your body's needs.  I love the question-and-answer format, too; it feels like having an informative discussion with your care provider over a cup of (non-caffeinated) tea.  If you are in need of reassurance, or even if you just need some concrete facts to present to well-meaning family and friends, this book is a fantastic resource.

Beautiful Babies
~Kristen Michaelis
On the other side of the dietary spectrum, women who embrace a traditional/primal/Paleo type of diet (forgive me for lumping them all together; they all look pretty similar to me) are bound to also have concerns about how their eating habits will affect their growing babies.   I have read a handful of books focusing on traditional foods during pregnancy (I know, this is strange for a vegetarian to admit, but it's true), and Beautiful Babies is the best, hands-down.  Kristen Michaelis isn't a doctor (and she makes that abundantly clear), but she has spent a lot of time researching the topic, and her book is an excellent summary of how such a diet can help women improve their fertility, have a healthy pregnancy, breastfeed, and get babies off to a good start with solids.  I love the non-judgmental tone of the book, and how there is information that everyone will find useful, no matter what your personal eating habits are.
For a slightly more detailed review, check out:
My review of Beautiful Babies on San Francisco Book Review

The VBAC Companion
~Diana Korte
So your first baby was born by cesarean section.  For many women, that doesn't mean that you can't have a vaginal birth with your next one!  VBAC (vaginal birth after cesarean) is recognized as a safe option by many birth experts, including ACOG, but that doesn't mean it isn't a bit scary too.  But as with all things birth, educating yourself is important, and this book is a great first step in that direction.  Most pregnancy books touch on VBAC, but it is worth your time to read a book that specifically addresses how your prior c-section can affect your birthing decisions this time around.


Books for Baby Care

Sure, we all like to think that caring for a baby will come completely naturally to us, but the truth is that we could all use a bit of guidance when it comes to caring for our little ones, especially in those early confused and sleep-deprived days.  Read some books on baby stuff now, during your pregnancy, to give yourself a head start before you even give birth.

The Other Baby Book
~Megan McGrory Massaro, Miriam Katz
I generally refer to this book as a primer on alternative parenting practices.  Meaning, this shouldn't be your only stop if you're interested in, say, co-sleeping or baby-led weaning, but it's a great introductory point.  The authors discuss natural birth, common newborn procedures (like the vitamin K shot, antibiotic eye drops, circumcision, and vaccination), the myth holding and touching your baby too much can "spoil" him, breastfeeding, baby sleep habits, elimination communication (sometimes known as infant potty training), and much, much more.  This is another book I recommend to everyone, if only to let people know that there are other options and ideas out there.

The Baby Book
~William & Martha Sears, Robert Sears, James Sears
I can't even tell you how much I relied on this book during the first few years of my son's life.  Even now, I still turn back to this book for reliable information from time to time.  The Baby Book planted the seed for my love of attachment parenting; it gave me the support I needed as a vulnerable new parent to just follow my instincts and parent my baby in a way I felt was right.  Covering the first two years of your baby's life, this book touches on pretty much every topic a new parents will want or need to know about.  Dr. Sears's books are always so straightforward and approachable; he presents ideas and methods and facts in a completely non-threatening way, making this book an excellent source for everyone, including friends and family members who don't understand why you're doing some of the things you're doing.  If you only get one book on baby care, this one would be my recommendation!

The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding
~Diane Wessinger, Diana West, Teresa Pitman
If you plan to breastfeed your baby, learning about the process ahead of time can save you a lot of grief.  Yes, breastfeeding is hard work, but I promise you that if you can make it for the first six weeks or so, you will be good to go!  In my opinion, there are a few factors that can really make a big difference for the woman who wants to breastfeed.  One is tenacity: decide early on what you want, and be determined to make it work!  Another is support: surround yourself with others who are or who want to breastfeed, attend La Leche League meetings, and find a good lactation consultant.  And, arguably, the most important is education.  The more you know about how breastfeeding works, about the eating patterns of babies, about how your milk is what your baby is naturally designed to eat (it's not "best;" it's biologically normal!), and about how to deal with any issues that arise, the better your chances are of meeting your goals.  Every woman who wants to nurse her baby should start reading this book before baby comes, and then keep it close at hand.

The Happiest Baby on the Block
~Harvey Karp
This book may have saved my sanity more than once during the first few months of my son's life.  In it, Dr. Karp lays out his theory of the fourth trimester, which helps explain why babies spend the first three months or so of life wanting to nurse frequently and be held almost constantly.  It also lays out a rather magical formula for soothing an unhappy baby.  Magical, I tell you.  This book also taught me how to swaddle effectively, which helped my baby fall asleep on many occasions.  It's worth reading this one ahead of baby's arrival; you'll want to have some ideas to soothe your baby before the sleepless nights start.

The Vaccine Book 
~Robert Sears
Vaccines are a complex issue, and it sometimes seems like those who are strongly for or against their use rely primarily on fear to convince parents one way or the other.  Here's what I think: the decision of if and how to vaccinate is a major one, and you owe it to yourself and your child to research the topic thoroughly so that you can make your decision an informed one.  If you're leaning towards vaccination, you deserve to know what's in the shots and what kinds of reactions your baby may experience.  If you're leaning away from vaccinations, you deserve to know the likelihood of your child catching the disease in question and how potentially serious the illness could be.  The Vaccine Book does a very good job laying out all of these factors and more for each vaccine currently in the recommended schedule.  This book is a great source for unbiased information on a highly derisive topic.

Monday, June 30, 2014

Small Batch Brownies

I can easily eat an entire pan of brownies in one sitting.  Well, maybe not one sitting.  But in one day, definitely.

I obviously have no self control when it comes to baked goods.  This is an established fact.

And the obvious solution to this, of course, is to just bake things in smaller quantities, so that I can eat the entire thing with less guilt.  Thus, a smaller batch of brownies, since that's what I was in the mood for tonight.


Back in my last apartment, where I had a microwave, I would satisfy my brownie cravings by making mug brownies.  None of that Betty Crocker microwave dessert bowl nonsense; real mug brownies are super easy, and they usually were just what I needed.  But my current apartment has no microwave, and I am too cheap to buy one (and I've lived easily enough without one before!), so a new way to make small quantities of brownies was needed.

So here's what I threw together tonight.  These brownies are not even remotely healthy for you; they have more sugar in them than flour, and lots of fat.  But that's why they taste so good!  I may eventually try to make a healthier version, but sometimes a little indulgence is fun too.

Little Bug and I almost polished off the whole batch.  Which wasn't hard to do.  But I did manage to put a few aside for my husband, because I'm just that kind of generous.

Here's hoping that I don't end up sneaking into them for a late-night snack!




Small Batch Brownies


If baked in a mini muffin tin, makes one dozen.  And who wouldn't want to make them that way?  Then you get plenty of crispy edges, and everyone knows those are the best parts.  These brownies are chewy and fudgy, just the way I like them.

I know the amounts here are kind of weird.  That's what happens when you make things in small batches.

1 tbsp + 1 tsp baking cocoa
2 tbsp + 2 tsp boiling water
1/2 oz unsweetened baking chocolate
1 tbsp butter, melted
2 tbsp + 1 tsp vegetable oil (melted coconut oil would be awesome too, I bet)
1 large egg
1/2 tsp vanilla extract
1/2 c + 2 tbsp sugar
1/4 c + 3 tbsp flour
pinch salt

Preheat oven to 350 degrees.  Prepare something to bake the brownies in (I used a mini muffin tin) by spraying with baking spray.

Whisk baking cocoa and boiling water together.  Add baking chocolate and stir until completely melted (chop it up first and this will happen faster).  Add butter (melt ahead of time, or just rely on the still warm mixture to melt it for you) and oil, and stir until well-combined (but it will probably still look kind of curdled).  Add egg and vanilla extract and mix well.  Then add sugar and mix until completely smooth.  Add in flour and salt and mix thoroughly.

Pour into mini muffin tins (or other baking dish of choice).  Bake until a knife or toothpick inserted into the center of one comes out clean; approximately 25 minutes for mini muffins.  Cool in pan for awhile, then remove to a wire rack to cool completely.  The longer you let them cool, the chewier they'll be!

Monday, June 9, 2014

Cloth Diapers: A Primer

Been thinking about cloth diapers?  Not sure where to start researching?  I have been using cloth on my son almost since his birth, and have always enjoyed talking about the hows and whys to anyone who is curious.  Read on!


Disclaimer:  I don't claim to be an expert on cloth diapers; in fact, there are tons of bloggers out there who know a whole lot more about the subject than I do!  This is just a little introductory guide complete with tons of links for additional reading, written since I have had a lot of people ask me about getting started with cloth.  For even more information, definitely check out other cloth diapering blogs, such as The Cloth Diaper Whisperer or Dirty Diaper Laundry.  Or check out a book!  My favorite is Confessions of a Cloth Diaper Convert.  Seriously.  If you decide you want to give cloth a try, get that book.

Reasons to Use Cloth Diapers

There are lots of reasons people why people choose to use cloth diapers!  Aside from the fact that they're just so darn cute, here are some of the biggest factors to consider.

Price.  One of the biggest arguments I hear against cloth diapers is usually cost.  They're so expensive!  In all reality, using cloth for your baby's diaper years is much, much cheaper than using disposables.  The biggest difference is that using cloth diapers requires a good-sized initial output, while using disposables spreads the cost out over the course of a few years.  When I actually went and calculated it out, I determined that I spent around $300 for my entire stash of cloth diapers, and that is a figure I hear frequently quoted by others.  That $300 worth of diapers lasted my son from beginning to end.  That price will naturally vary depending on what kinds of diapers you buy, whether you seek out organic materials, where you buy them from, whether you get any of them used, etc., but even allowing for those factors it is rare to spend more than $1000 on an entire stash.  By contrast, using disposable diapers for 37 months (which is the average age for potty training in the U.S.) will cost at least $2200, and that's not even including added costs from disposable wipes.  It can be estimated that Americans spend an average total of $27 million every day on diapers.  And if you have more than one child, most (or all) of your cloth diapers can be reused for the next baby.

Eco-Friendliness.  Disposable diapers take a long, long time to break down in landfills.  Some estimates say that it could take more than 500 years for a diaper to decompose!  Even diapers touted as "biodegradable" do not really break down unless you are personally putting them into a compost pile; biodegradable diapers thrown out with your regular trash end up in the same landfill as the rest of your trash, where the microbes that would break them down can't get to them.  But what about the water used to launder cloth diapers?  What about the carbon emissions from using the washing machine?  Cloth diapers require less energy, less water, and less raw materials to produce.  Add in emissions from laundering, and even if your washer/dryer are not energy-efficient, cloth still ultimately produces less emissions than using disposables for an equivalent length of time.  As for water usage, yes, washing diapers does use a significant amount of water.  (For the record, I noticed very little change in my water bill due to additional water usage.  The apartment we lived in for the first three months of my son's life did, in fact, have metered water.)  At least the water from washing cloth diapers is relatively benign though, especially compared to the waste water that comes from the industries necessary to produce disposable diapers.  Most people agree that cloth diapers are more environmentally-friendly than disposables.

Better for Baby.  All kinds of chemicals go into the production of disposable diapers, including dioxin (which is a carcinogen), chlorine, and the super-absorbent polymer (certain types of which have been directly linked to toxic shock syndrome) that sucks up all of baby's urine and keeps baby feeling dry.  It's hard to determine what all of the "ingredients" of a disposable diaper are because most companies that produce them refuse to tell consumers.  These chemicals are often the cause of diaper rash; many parents have witnessed their baby's persistent diaper rash magically clear up once the switch to cloth is made.  And even if the chemicals in disposables don't give your baby's skin a noticeable rash, do you really want such an unnatural product touching your baby's vulnerable, new skin in such a sensitive place all day, every day?  Disposable diapers have also been linked to asthma, and contain many ingredients that are known respiratory irritants.

And one final thought, courtesy of The Business of Baby:  "A boy's penis and testes are on the outside of the body in order to keep them at a temperature cooler than 98.6ยบF.  But plastic diapers keep the genital area hotter than nature designed it to be.  A study of forty-eight healthy children, published in Archives of Disease in Childhood, found that scrotal skin temperatures were significantly higher in boys who wore disposable diapers than in boys wearing cloth."

Types of Cloth Diapers

Most cloth diapers today are very user-friendly, and are similar in appearance and functionality to disposable diapers.  Here are descriptions of the basic types of cloth diapers available today.  Some cloth diaper enthusiasts divide cloth diapers into many more categories than I do; I tend to lump similar kinds together.  At the end of most descriptions are links to a few particular brands that make that kind of diaper.  I've tried to include a bunch of different brands, but there are so many out there that there's no way I could list them all!

Prefolds/Inserts and Covers.  The cover (sometimes called a wrap) is usually made of something waterproof (such as polyurethane laminate [PUL] or wool), and it is usually shaped exactly like a disposable diaper.  Some brands come in different sizes, while others can be adjusted using snaps in order to fit babies of different sizes.  The cover goes over some kind of absorbent cloth insert (which is next to baby's skin) and is generally closed either using snaps or velcro (although pull-on varieties exist as well).  Prefolds are composed of many layers of fabric sewn together (with an especially padded center section), and are folded in thirds before putting on baby.  Other inserts can be found that are a single long rectangle, no folding necessary.  There are also contour inserts, which are hourglass-shaped and provide better coverage over baby's bottom.  Some people like attaching the diaper to the baby separately, using diaper pins or some other kind of diaper fastener (such as a Snappi), while others just set the insert in the cover and rely on the cover's closure to hold the whole thing together.  (This has always worked great for me.)  Some brands actually let you attach the insert directly into the cover (usually with a snap); these kinds of diapers are sometimes referred to as "all-in-twos," or lumped together with other hybrid diapers (see below).  The covers do not need to be washed after each use (unless baby poop got on it), but instead can be rotated in and out until laundry day.
Bummis
Econobum
Pocket Diapers.  Pocket diapers also consist of a cover and an insert, except the cover is made of two layers: something waterproof on the outside, and something softer that goes against baby's skin on the inside and is usually designed to wick moisture away.  In between those two layers is a pocket, in which you stuff an absorbent insert of some sort.  Most pocket diapers have a hole at just one end through which the insert is stuffed, although some brands have openings at both ends (these kinds of diapers are sometimes referred to as sleeve diapers).  These are probably the most user-friendly of cloth diapers, and tend to be beloved by dads everywhere for their ease of use.  They can be a bit more expensive, however, since you need a lot more covers than you do when using prefolds; every time you change baby, the entire dirty diaper (cover and insert) needs to be washed.  There are a few extra steps involved, too: insert must be stuffed, and then it must be removed again before it goes into the washing machine.
AppleCheeks
FuzziBunz


Fitted Diapers.  Think similar functionality to prefolds & covers, only the inside part is shaped familiarly like a diaper too, and usually has a closure of some sort included.  Some sort of waterproof cover is still required, however.  These are pretty easy to use but can be harder to wash; the fitted diapers are oddly-shaped and may take longer to dry.

All-In-Ones (AIOs).  The most user-friendly of all, an all-in-one is all of the parts that make up other kinds of cloth diapers (waterproof cover, absorbent insert, softer layer against the skin), except they are all sewn together.  No stuffing needed, no separate pieces; just grab, put on baby, and go!  All-in-ones are generally thought of as extremely friendly to dads, babysitters, and daycare centers.  They also tend to be the most expensive cloth diapers, and can be the hardest to get clean.
bumGenius

Hybrids.  The benefits of cloth with some of the convenience of disposables--specifically, the ability to throw or flush away solid wastes.  That's what a hybrid is.  Basically, you have a waterproof outer cover and then you can either use cloth inserts or a disposable (and often biodegradable) insert.
Flip Diapers
gDiapers

Other brands:
BabyKicks (pocket, fitted)
Blueberry (inserts/covers, all-in-one)
Kawaii (inserts/covers, pocket)
Kissaluvs (covers, contour, pocket, fitted, all-in-one, hybrid)
Thirsties (inserts/covers, fitted, all-in-ones)

What About Baby Wipes?

If you're already using cloth diapers, why not go ahead and use cloth wipes too?  Many cloth diaper retailers also sell cloth wipes, which can be either used dry, by wetting with plain water, or by wetting with a special diaper wipe solution (either store-bought or homemade).  You can also make your own cloth wipes!

Other Cloth Diapering Gear

What other kinds of things do you need if you are using cloth diapers?  As far as I'm concerned, there are really only two essentials:

Diaper Pail.  Or some other place to store the diapers that have been soiled until you're ready to wash them.  Most "traditional" diaper pails work fine, but you will probably want something to line it with.  You can buy specific liners, use a wet bag, or just use a pillowcase!

Wet Bag.  This is basically a zippered bag that is lined with something waterproof, primarily used (by me, anyway) for when you are out on the town and need to do a diaper change.

How Do I Wash Them?

Washing cloth diapers is really not a difficult process.  First off, make sure that you clean poop off of the diapers immediately after changing baby.  (This is necessary once baby has started solids, or if baby drinks formula in any quantity.  The poop of an exclusively breastfed baby is water-soluble and will rinse away cleanly in the washing machine, but once anything else is going into baby's stomach the poop has to come off first.)  You can simply swish the diaper in the toilet to get it off; this is easy and requires no special tools, although you will likely end up with some on your hands in the process (which is, of course, nothing a little soap and water can't fix).  If you'd like, you can use a diaper sprayer, which is essentially like a hose that attaches to the water line of your toilet and uses a spray nozzle to let you spray the poop off.  (And if you're worried about this getting poop on other surfaces of your bathroom, which it can, invest in something like a Spray Pal, which further contains the mess in your toilet.)
Most people wash diapers at least every two or three days.  (I don't recommend letting it go any longer than that.)  And pretty much everyone has their own opinion on the best way to wash them; if you search the Internet for "how to wash cloth diapers," you will find dozens of different ways to try.  You will need to figure out your own washing routine; the best way to wash can be affected by your water supply (how hard/soft, etc.), what kind of detergent you use, your model of washing machine, and other factors.  Here's how I wash mine:
  1. Presoak or rinse with warm water
  2. Regular wash cycle with hot water
  3. Extra rinse cycle with warm water
  4. Dry prefolds/inserts in dryer on medium heat; hang waterproof covers to dry
If I've noticed my diapers seem less absorbent than usual or if they are starting to smell despite being freshly washed, I will strip them; I usually do this once every three months or so.  I use bleach to strip mine.
If you use wool diaper covers, be aware that they are washed and cared for differently than other types of diapers.  I personally have no experience with wool covers, but my sister loved them.  Many people swear by wool diapers as an ideal way to do cloth at night (but more on that later).

Another washing option?  You can always hand wash your cloth diapers at home!  This can help them last longer, as traditional washing machines can be a bit rough.  Could be a good option if you want to do cloth but don't have a washer at home and don't want to pay for a diaper service.
What kind of detergent to use?  Look for something that leaves no residue and has no added dyes, fragrances, or fabric softeners, all of which can irritate baby's skin and affect absorbency.  There are many commercial brands of laundry detergent that fit these requirements, and there are also a number of detergents specifically marketed for cloth diapers.  There are also plenty of "recipes" out there for making your own cloth diaper-friendly laundry detergent.

Where Can I Buy Cloth Diapers?

Online.  Lots of websites sell cloth diapers.  Try looking at the manufacturer's websites, or the website of your favorite baby store.  Some other suggestions:
Cotton Babies
Kelly's Closet
Diaper Junction
Green Mountain Diapers
Etsy

Retail Stores.  Your local baby store likely has cloth diapers, and even Babies R Us generally carries some options.

If you are looking for used cloth diapers, try craigslist, ebay, or Diaper Swappers.  Also look into any local resale groups you know of.
"When you sign on for cloth diapers, you join the cult.  You, too, start wandering garage sales looking for used BumGenius, FuzziBunz, OsoCozy, BottomBumpers, TushieSombrero, and AssHat cloth diapers (okay, I made up the last two).  You'll talk about your diapers at parties, weighing the pros and cons of trifolds versus flat inserts."  (Brian Leaf, Misadventures of a Parenting Yogi)

Other Questions

Seriously?  I have to wash them myself?  I would totally be on board with cloth if I could only get someone else to wash them.
Luckily for you, such services exist!  Get online and search for "cloth diaper service [your city]" and you will likely find one or more companies that will provide you with clean diapers every week (in varying sizes that change as your baby gets older) and will come take away the dirty diapers to be laundered.  I have never used a cloth diaper service, so I have no idea how much one costs, but I have heard that sometimes they kind of negate the cost-savings benefit of cloth.  But if your baby's health and the environment is an concern (and money is not), or if you just can't stomach the idea of washing your own diapers, then go look one up.  Diaper services also make a great gift for expecting or new mamas.
But really, poop is gross.  I don't think I'll be able to handle getting the poop off.
It's really not that bad.  Honest.  You'll adapt.  And remember that you've probably already gotten pooped on, peed on, and spit up on by your baby.  (Or you will be.)  You will be able to deal with this too.

And for the record, you're supposed to dump the poop out of disposables before you throw them away.  Seriously.  Any package of disposable diapers you buy will say something to the effect of "IMPORTANT: Shake soil into toilet."  (That's a direct quote from the package of Target up&up diapers that I bought for our last vacation.)  If you wrap the poop up in the diaper and throw it away as one neat package, you're doing it wrong.

If I use cloth diapers, do I have to use them all the time?  Will people look down on me if I use disposables sometimes too?
Of course not.  And if people judge you for that, well, that's their problem, not yours.  Lots of people who consider themselves full-time cloth diaper users have been known to use disposables on occasion, such as when on vacation or if their baby has some kind stomach bug that gives them diarrhea.  (I've totally continued using cloth through a few of my son's stomach bugs, which either makes me hardcore, lazy [meaning too lazy to go to the store], or an idiot.  Or some combination of the three.)  Some people use disposables for the first few weeks/months after baby is born, and then switch to cloth.  Some people use disposables at night, cloth during the day.  Some use cloth while at home and disposables anytime they leave the house.  You don't have to prove anything to anyone; diaper your baby in a way that works for you.

What's this I hear about needing to "prep" my diapers?
Diapers made of natural fibers (cotton, hemp, etc.) need to be washed several times before you use them.  This is because these fibers have naturally-occurring oils in them, which ultimately make your diapers less absorbent until the oils have been thoroughly washed away.  Natural fiber diapers should be washed at least three or four times before use; some people and companies recommend washing eight or more times to reach maximum absorbency!  Diapers made from synthetic fibers only need to be washed once before you can start using them.

Can I use cloth from birth?
Yes!  If you want to, anyway.  I know some people like to wait at least a few days, until the super-sticky meconium is out of baby's system, but others say that doesn't matter to them.  It's worth noting that most all-in-one type diapers or other adjustable covers that can be re-sized as baby grows won't fit a small baby; I believe most of mine were recommended for a baby eight pounds and larger, and even once baby hits that minimum weight the diapers may seem HUGE.  Specific infant diapers, designed to fit smaller babies without being bulky/uncomfortable, are available if you look for them, and some companies offer them for rent.

Snaps or velcro?  Which is better?
I only owned one cover that was closed with velcro, and I hated it.  Snaps all the way, in my opinion.  The velcro didn't stay closed very well for me after a few months of use, and it was much easier for my little boy's grasping fingers to get undone.  (He figured out snaps eventually too, but it took longer.)  Velcro is a bit more adjustable, however, and sometimes a bit cheaper.

Can I use diaper rash ointment with cloth diapers?
Lots of commercial brands of diaper rash cream/ointment are not compatible with cloth diapers.  They cause stains and do not wash cleanly off, reducing absorbency.  Babies in cloth diapers do get diaper rash, and it's important to know how to treat it when it happens.  Natural remedies are an option; try coconut oil, olive oil, or breast milk, to name a few.  My ointment of choice is Earth Mama Angel Baby's Angel Baby Bottom Balm; it always soothed my son's rash quickly, and never was a problem with my cloth.  There are other options that are safe for cloth diapers too, and there is always the option of using a disposable liner or insert while using diaper rash cream.
Speaking of stains, won't my diapers get stained from all that poop?
They most likely will at some point in time.  The best stain remover is sunlight.  Seriously.  Leave stained diapers out in the sun for a day or so and the stains should fade away.  Bleach and vinegar can both be used to remove stains, or you can look for commercial products specifically designed to remove stains from cloth diapers.
I hate getting up in the middle of the night to change my baby's diaper.  What's the best way to do cloth overnight?
This is a common question, and different people will find different solutions that work for them.  I confess that I used disposables at night until my son was around 9 months old, because I had such a hard time finding any way of using cloth that didn't require a change during the night and that also didn't leak!  (Of course the disposables leaked pretty frequently too...)  You can add an extra insert or two; it's pretty bulky, but most babies don't seem to mind and the extra absorbency can help you both make it through the night without a diaper change.  And most babies don't seem to be bothered by the wetness against their skin, but some definitely are.  You could try using a microfiber insert, which will wick the moisture away from baby's skin; some people, however, say you should never put microfiber directly against baby's skin.  Other materials, like fleece, will wick away moisture as well.  Many people love using wool for overnight diapering, but some people balk at the price.  The solution I eventually hit upon was to use hemp prefolds; they are less bulky than many other prefolds, but they are absorbent enough to last the whole night through.  They are much more expensive than cotton prefolds, but they are worthwhile in my opinion!
What do I do when I go on vacation?  Can I take my cloth when we travel?
That depends on you and the specifics of your trip.  There are several things to consider.
  • Do you have room in your luggage for your stash?  Those diapers take up a lot of space, and may need an entire bag to themselves.  If it's a road trip, this probably won't be a problem.  If you're flying, you might end up with an extra checked bag. 
  • How long will you be gone?  If it's just a long weekend, then pack your diapers and the biggest wet bag you have and enjoy your trip!  If you're going to be gone longer than two or three days, you may want to reconsider.
  • Where are you going and where are you staying?  Will you have access to a washer/dryer?  If you are visiting family, using cloth will be easier than if you are staying in a hotel somewhere.  Many resort-type vacation places will have washers and dryers, either in the room or on the premises, so cloth remains an option so long as you're comfortable using more public machines.  If you have friends living in the city where you are visiting, perhaps they'd be willing to let you use their washer/dryer.
Is it true that babies in cloth diapers potty train earlier than babies in disposables?
It seems to be, generally speaking, but every baby is different.  Moms who use cloth often claim that because baby feels the wet diaper immediately after he goes potty, he becomes aware of that bodily function much sooner than babies in disposables who never feel the dampness against their skin.  Of course, if you use diapers that wick the wetness away from baby's skin, there won't be that effect.  As an anecdote, my son was pretty much potty trained by shortly after his second birthday, but that's just our story.  Potty training would be a whole different post for a whole different day.  (And I'm not promising anything.)  But keep in mind that when you are ready for potty training, you don't have to start buying those disposable training pants; cloth training pants are an option!

What do I do with them once baby no longer needs them?
You have many options!  If think there may be more babies in your future, you can hold onto them and reuse them for the next baby.  They make fantastic dust rags and are great for wiping up spills.  Some liners can be used as menstrual pads, if you are into reusable ones.  You can pass them onto a friend or family member to help them save some money.  You can sell them through your local resale website, craigslist, ebay, or elsewhere.  Or you can donate them; there are various organizations and cloth diaper "banks" around the country that accept used cloth diapers in good condition, which are then distributed to families in need.  Look for local places to donate (your local cloth diaper-selling baby store might have more information), or look for ones that accept donations from anywhere.

Other Sources
Real Diaper Association

The Business of Baby by Jennifer Margulis
http://www.jennifermargulis.net/books/the-business-of-baby/

The Other Baby Book by Megan McGrory Massaro & Miriam J. Katz